Explore Plants & Wildlife
Over the years, the Horticulture team at Brooklyn Bridge Park has identified, studied, and compiled massive amounts of research on the plants and wildlife found in the Park. Visit the Plants & Wildlife page to learn more about what and who finds home in Brooklyn Bridge Park.
Ecological Horticulture Resources
For detailed spreadsheets documenting the research by Brooklyn Bridge Park’s horticulture team, download the files below.
Explore by Ecosystem
The patchwork of gardens and ecosystems are not only beautiful, but they perform critical functions for Park patrons and wildlife alike. The beds define views, block wind, and provide shade; the flowers, berries, and beds provide habitat for native bees, butterflies, and migratory birds.
Gardens at Brooklyn Bridge Park are managed organically to protect the environment in the Park and the water around it. Brooklyn Bridge Park uses compost, captures and recirculates rainwater for irrigation, and practices organic pest management. The absence of chemicals and the inclusion of native plants ensure that the Park is a healthy environment for visitors and birds, butterflies, ladybugs, turtles and even the microscopic soil organisms that keep our plants happy.
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Freshwater Wetlands
The freshwater gardens are some of the most unique ecosystems in Brooklyn. They not only provide lush natural beauty, but collect and filter rainwater for reuse in the Park’s irrigation system. The gardens contain many plants that were native to this region prior to European development and therefore host an incredible array of native birds, insects, and even turtles. The freshwater gardens are a favorite of our growing butterfly and migratory bird populations, as the flowers and fruiting shrubs provide abundant habitat throughout the year. The gardens are gorgeous in all seasons: bright blooms in spring, lush greenery and wildflowers in summer and some of the best fall colors in Brooklyn Bridge Park.
On Pier 1, there are five ponds along the Greenway, each with different ornamental plantings and connected by four weirs that allow water to flow between them as it is filtered by plants. Pier 6 hosts a Marsh Garden next to the Water Lab. Discover the birds, berries, and flowers along this hidden path. In front of Jane’s Carousel at Empire Fulton Ferry, a large bioswale holds stormwater, as it is filtered by thousands of beautiful flowers, and flows back out to the river.
© Etienne Frossard
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Woodlands
The woodland gardens throughout Brooklyn Bridge Park provide shade, windbreaks, and a place to explore. These tree-dominated plantings echo a forest edge ecosystem once common in this region. The dense shrubbery, abundant berries, and herbaceous flowering plants provide habitat and forage for migratory birds that fly along the East Atlantic Flyway and through Brooklyn Bridge Park in the spring and fall. These “dense hedgerows” also slow the ocean winds and filter the summer sun, making them a perfect hang out for butterflies and Park patrons alike.
Over time, small trees in these gardens will grow large, shading out the sun-loving plants beneath them and creating the permanent canopy. Gardeners manage this succession by planting shade-adapted plants under the growing Oak, Sweetgum, and Locust trees. Stroll along the Sumac Path on Pier 1 to see these beautiful spring ephemerals carpeting the shady hills.
©Brooklyn Bridge Park/ERP
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Meadows
Some of Brooklyn Bridge Park’s most beautiful gardens are meadows dominated by grasses and herbaceous perennials. With long grasses swaying in the breeze and tall flowers like Black-Eyed Susans and Cone Flowers attracting bees and butterflies, these lovely gardens reach their peak in summer. In the fall, the low afternoon sun catches the bronze foliage and illuminates it like fire.
In the northeastern region of the United States, meadows are generally temporary ecosystems, usually resulting from fires or grazing, eventually seceding to trees over time. Permanent meadows must be managed – often with controlled burning or seasonal mowing to discourage the woody plants that would naturally dominate. Brooklyn Bridge Park opts to mow each spring and watch the meadow rise again in the summer.
Brooklyn Bridge Park has a number of small, distinct meadows but the Flower Field on Pier 6 is the most beautiful. The changing blooms attract butterflies, bees and people from spring to fall, and birds throughout the winter. The Pier 3 Berm is the Park’s largest meadow. This 35’ high hill buffers the noise from the BQE that runs along the Park. Notice the sound difference the next time you walk by.
Pier 6 Flower Field
At the Pier 6 Flower Field, a full half-acre of native wildflowers grows. Stroll around and through this gorgeous planting to catch the views of both the garden and the skyline.
Waves of colorful flowers bloom from spring until late fall, as the pink and gold drifts of summer flowers turn to the blues and purples of fall. Visitors to the Pier 6 Flower Field will find colorful milkweeds, asters, and goldenrods.
© Kristin Cassidy
Butterflies are especially drawn to the Pier 6 Flower Field due to the large colorful drifts of flowers, which they detect at great distances. Download our butterfly guide to see which of these lovely insects you can see in the Park.
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Salt Marshes
The salt marshes are a rare example of a monoculture in Brooklyn Bridge Park. Here, Smooth Cordgrass replicate the exclusive plant communities that once dominated the coasts of the Northeast. Now a rare occurrence along the shoreline, the Cordgrass provides a habitat for ducks and other waterfowl that eat and live in the grass, along with many crustaceans and bivalves.
Cordgrass dominates the salt marsh because it can withstand oxygen-constricting salt water. While most plants die when their roots lose oxygen, Cordgrass is able to move oxygen from its leaves to its submerged stems. As debris accumulates in the cordgrass over time, soil builds up above the waterline and creates habitat for less salt-tolerant plants. In a natural salt marsh this process builds new landmass that expands outwards into the ocean. At Brooklyn Bridge Park, we maintain this ecosystem as a salt marsh, removing the debris.
© Julienne Schaer
Horticulture Best Practices: Mulch
Mulching is a practice that many gardeners learn to do by rote: an annual application, following rules with little regard to the various contexts they’re in. But ecological gardeners amend soils and mulch only in response to the needs of the garden. We pay close attention to the plant communities, soil composition, weed pressure, and hydrology of a bed prior to mulching. We must also consider newer research on the benefits of not mulching, such as making space for the many soil dwelling organisms who can’t penetrate shredded woodchips. But overall, we must trust in the natural processes of the plants we care for, allowing them to perform their seasonal behaviors, interfering only when necessary.
Herbaceous plant and deciduous trees do not throw their leaves away in autumn. They carefully place them on top of their root systems, where those leaves buffer temperatures, provide habitat for ground dwelling organisms, and slowly break down to create the next generation of soil. Leaves, old stems, rotten wood, are all methods through which plants create the soils they want to live in. When we micromanage the duff layer, raking out and topdressing, we can interrupt critical processes. So at Brooklyn Bridge Park, wherever and whenever possible, we “leave the leaves,” as well as stems, twigs, and anything else the plants are inclined to put on the ground.
BROOKLYN BRIDGE PARK MULCH PHILOSOPHY
- Mulch is placed only when necessary. We do not use mulch as a routine, seasonal application in all areas.
- Wherever possible, we use fallen plant material (leaves, stems) as a mulch rather than purchased material. This is important because plants use leaves and dead material to build the soil they need. Many organisms also live in the duff layer, and we are trying to encourage them.
- Mulch is less of a blanket to put on top of soils, and more of a constructed O horizon. It’s future soil, a slow motion amendment. With few exceptions, mulch should be the sort of matrix your plants want to grow in.
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Benefits of Mulch
- Moisture sequestration
- Mulch will reduce evaporation of water. This is especially important for new plantings.
- Mulch moats can also help water stay in the root zone of a newly planted plant.
- Thermoregulation
- Mulch stabilizes soil temperatures and buffers swings. It can keep soils cool in the heat of the summer and warm in winter.
- Prevention of heaving
- For fall planted plants, plugs especially, heaving occurs when the ground freezes and thaws. New plants don’t have the roots to hold themselves in place. Mulch can act as a weight that holds plants in the ground, as well as a buffer that reduces the freeze/thaw cycle.
- Weed seed germination suppression
- As a weed suppressant, mulch is most effective at inhibiting the germination of seeds that require light. Any amount above an 1” should be enough to accomplish this.
- Aesthetic
- Some gardens just look better when mulched. Formal beds should remain mulched at all times. Naturalistic beds are often improved by a clean edge of mulch.
- Soil amendment
- The mulch you use should match the needs of the plants you’re mulching: no wood chips on meadow plants, etc. It can take years, but mulch can affect pH, OM content, and fungal/bacterial ratios.
- Minimization of compaction
- In areas where there is foot traffic (human or non, intended or not), mulch can reduce the compaction to the soil below it. Wood chips are especially effective.
- Moisture sequestration
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Drawbacks of Mulch
- Can destroy existing duff ecosystem
- Raking existing duff most often precedes mulching, sometimes with a leaf blower that removes soil as well. This is destructive for the many organisms who live in that layer, like bumble bees, caterpillars and beetles, as well as the birds who forage there. The resulting flat-plane of applied mulch is a poor substitute for the many shelters and microclimates provided to tiny animals by leaves and sticks. In addition, raking out existing plant material interrupts the soil building processes of plants.
- Can prevent / destroy habitat for ground nesting bees
- Many ground nesting bees require un-mulched soil. Some like duff but only when it’s natural. Mulch can smother overwintering nests and prevent bees from making new ones.
- Can form a matt
- Certain mulches break down in ways that form matts that prohibit gas exchange and moisture penetration. Always be on the lookout for this. Fallen leaves can also do this, especially waxy leaves that break down slowly (magnolia, oaks, etc) in soil with very slow nutrient cycling (like ours).
- Can prevent light rain / irrigation from getting to soil and roots
- While mulch reduces evaporation from the soil, it also reduces water penetration from light rains and overhead irrigation, which can be a critical source of water for the plant’s shallow roots hairs.
- Can smother plants and make them miserable if done wrong
- Too much mulch on top of dormant spring ephemerals can block their spring emergence. Mulch on the crown of a perennial forb or grass can encourage crown rot. Mulch up against the trunk of shrubs or trees (volcano mulching) can cause the stems to rot as well. It’s all worse when there’s poor drainage.
- Can minimize subnivian zone for winter organisms
- A layer of air can form between the soil and snow cover that buffers freezing temperatures and provides an active winter environment for animals. These layers are best created on top of fallen leaves, as opposed to a uniform mulch blanket.
- Can be ineffective at live weed reduction
- Anything less than a small mountain of mulch will fail to inhibit the growth of most of the living weeds we battle. At BBP, we ignore or outcompete most small, delicate weeds, like chickweed or speedwell. While the large weeds we prioritize (like mugwort) will burst through mulch easily. However, mulching after weeding is still important to inhibit sun-germinated weed seeds exposed by disturbance.
- Can destroy existing duff ecosystem
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Types of Mulch
- Leaf mulch
- Leaf mulch is made of ground and partially composted leaves. Sometimes it gets blown away on windy sites, but tends to stay put on steeper slopes. It breaks down quickly, usually within a season. Sometimes weeds will grow in it. We use it in areas where we encourage bacterially dominated soils, like meadows, as well as areas with delicate plants that would have a hard time pushing up through anything heavier.
- Triple ground mulch
- This mulch is finely ground whole trees and shrubs, and can be partially composted. It’s the mulch we use most often in woodland ecosystems and lawn tree rings, with the hope that it encourages fungal, acidic soils. It breaks down slower than leaf mulch, is not as susceptible to being blown by the wind, and still tends to stay put on a slope. We look for mulch that does not form a matt as it breaks down and holds its dark color over time.
- Woodchips
- Woodchips are often overused by landscapers because they’re easy to source and slow to break down. But very few plants want to grow in wood. At BBP, we use woodchips only on paths and for sheet-mulching. Because they are strong and break down slowly, woodchips are a great path substrate. They minimize compaction beneath them and suppress weed seed germination. We also use wood chips for sheet mulching: the weight helps smother grasses/weeds. However, woodchips will slide down a steeper slope.
- Husks, pine mulch, etc.
- BBP has not had occasion to use these mulches. They seem like great options in certain ornamental contexts or where they are readily abundant.
- Sheet Mulch
- Sheet mulch is a great option for killing a lawn or certain aggressive weeds. We use carboard when we can find it but tend to buy ram board when we’re up against serious thuggery. We scalp the site, place the ram board on top, soak it with water, and then apply 4” to 6” of woodchips on top. Mugwort and thistle can still make it though over time, but they are severely weakened and can be irradicated by pulling. Some people worry about the effect of sheet mulching on soil biology but we’ve found it to be a non-issue.
- Green Mulch
- But why are we using mulch at all when we could be planting more plants? A fantastic option is to plant sedges and smaller, shade loving plants in the areas under trees and between larger perennials. A new campaign calls these green tree rings “soft landings” for the many butterfly species that spend their caterpillar phase eating leaves in the canopy, then fall to the ground to pupate. Soft plants, spaces to hide, and accessible soils can make all the difference.
- Plastic and dyed mulch
- Just don’t.
- Leaf mulch
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When to Mulch
- Newly planted material
- All newly planted material should be mulched immediately, after it has been planted and watered thoroughly. Depending on the site, mulch should be 1-2” thick, leaf mulch or triple ground. Depending on the plant, a mulch moat can be constructed.
- Edge condition
- Many beds, from meadows to woodlands to formal beds, look much better with a clean edge of mulch, especially in fall and spring. A wild bed can be given a frame and made to look intentional, and a woodland abutting a lawn can appear distinct. These edges should be 1-2” thick, are most often triple ground mulch, and extend about 1’ into the bed.
- Edge salt trap
- A thick layer of mulch along a bed edge can prevent salt from percolating into the soil column. This type of mulch should be removed and reapplied periodically. As a winter salt edge trap, mulch should be applied 2-3” thick, about 6” deep, at the beginning of winter, and then removed in spring, once snow fall risk has passed and before rains start. Spring cutback should include remulching that edge, where necessary, with 1-2” of mulch. Dog-oriented salt traps should be identical to the above but should be removed and reapplied every season.
- Formal and entrance beds
- These beds should always be mulched. It’s their look. A big mulching operation is usually necessary in fall, when beds are winterized, and then in spring, in areas that require cutback.
- Weed germination suppression
- Sun-triggered weed seed germination can be stopped with 1” of mulch. Mulching after any soil disturbance (weeding, planting) can reduce weeds. Use the type of mulch best suited for the bed.
- Soil/root/drip line protection
- While some areas of exposed soil are fine, entire garden beds or large, visible areas should be mulched. Mulch is also helpful to stop erosion from wind, water, or gravity. Where erosion is a constant, mulch should be as well. When roots are exposed, soil, compost and mulch can be used to remedy the problem, but replant when necessary.
- Newly planted material
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How to Mulch
- Never more than 3”, most often 1” – 2”
- More than 3” of mulch can inhibit soil gas exchange, as well as prevent rainwater from draining down to the root zone, depending on the type of mulch used. Obviously, the coarser the mulch, the better the airflow. Rarely, it is good to use 4”-6” when sheet-mulching or moat-building, but in general, more than 3” of mulch is reserved for killing things rather than growing things.
- Clean the crown
- Trunk and stem tissue is fundamentally different than root tissue. Root tissue, from trees to shrubs, to grasses, evolved to fend off invading soil organisms like fungi. The above ground tissue does not have these defenses and will rot if planted too deep or covered in mulch. The mulch makes a moist environment that encourages stem rot. It is critical to assure that mulch is cleared away from the crown (or base) of the plant, by a few inches.
- Leave wood / stems on the ground
- When pruning or removing a tree or shrub, leave as much of the wood as possible on the ground layer. This is a critical part of building fungal communities in the soil, as rotting wood attracts and cultivates fungi for the individual tree species it came from. When pruning, leave sticks in short sections, on the ground as you cut. Logs should be artfully and subtly placed. However, all known or visibly diseased material should be removed from the site. Herbaceous material (stems, seed heads, leaves) should be managed similarly to wood: leave as much of the material you’re cutting back in the bed as possible. The technique and amount varies by site, but can be accomplished by cutting forbs and grasses back in 6” segments, essentially mulching in place.
- Never more than 3”, most often 1” – 2”
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Mulch Use by Ecosystem at Brooklyn Bridge park
- Ornamental Gardens
- These beds can be found at our park entrances and playgrounds, welcoming people into the park with familiar aesthetics. They have a formal(ish) look: always neat. Winter herb material should only stay up if it looks good. Mulch should be applied in fall, over soil and leaves. If leaves covered in mulch look too bumpy, rake out prior to mulching. Mulch should be reapplied in spring if necessary.
- Dense Hedgerow
- These are woodland edge ecosystems and the vast majority of them create enough organic matter to mulch themselves. Often we don’t do anything. In newer areas, where leaves are slow to break down, or older areas with heavy leaf fall, we occasionally collect, process, and redistribute leaves to stop the smothering of herbaceous material. Mulch is most often used on newly planted plants and edges.
- Lawns
- Obviously, lawns are not mulched but the tree rings in them are. We maintain clean lines for tree rings, expanding when necessary based on tree growth and design intent. Tree rings should always remain mulched and weeded. Edge lines stay clean. We use triple ground mulch, heavily: about 3”. This is a great volunteer project for kids and others.
- Meadows
- Meadows soils are lean and need to stay that way. We also tend to encourage seeding-in in meadows, so mulch is only applied when necessary. When meadows are cutback, we cut down herbaceous material in 6” segments, mulching plants in places. But we often remove much of it, leaving seed-heads for birds and seeding-in.
- Duff from cutback is used for most mulch and removed when thicker than 3”. Leaf mulch is used for newly planted material in low-wind scenarios.
- Ornamental Gardens
